Plato vs Isocrates Essay - 1747 Words

Plato encouraged in his writings that the view that sophists were concerned with was â€Å"the manipulative aspects of how humans acquire knowledge.† (Lecture) Sophists believed that only provisional or probable knowledge was available to humans but both Plato and Isocrates did not agree with a lot of what the Sophists had to say. They both believed in wisdom and having a connection with rhetoric but vary in defining wisdom in itself. Wisdom for Socrates and Plato is having an understanding of speech, knowledge of truth and being able to question the speaker in order to seek and reveal truth. Isocrates defined wisdom as having a sense of integrity and character along with the ambition and ability to speak well with others. Socrates†¦show more content†¦(167) One who knows knowledge, more so, one who loves wisdom, delivers their wisdom, knowledge and understanding to others. Since wisdom is the understanding of speech, knowing truth and questioning credibility, rhetoric does not produce knowledge. It delivers the knowledge to others. Being wise is being able to recognize and acknowledge the hidden truth of speech and creating a sense of understanding with that knowledge. Socrates and Plato differ from Isocrates by believing that rhetoric, which distributes wisdom, comes from the soul. â€Å"The man whose rhetorical teaching is a real art will explain accurately the nature of that to which his words are to be addressed, and that is the soul.† (163) Ones soul is affected by decisions made by the human form and also by those interacting with the soul. The wise man’s soul contains wisdom, truth and intelligence. Thus, by interacting with a bad soul or a soul with bad intent lowers to soul of a just and wise man. Since rhetoric is distributing knowledge to others, the soul should be used when making hard and uncertain decisions. The soul of a wise person holds ultimate truth and its human form knows how to seek out knowledge and understanding to find ultimate truth by ways of questioning. To the contrary, Isocrates believes that wisdom has nothing to do with the soul and the heavens, for he claims that the gods in the heavens have disputes.

Animal Observation Short Stories Essay Example For Students

Animal Observation Short Stories Essay All of the essays have one thing in common, they all deal with observing animals. And with their observation comes at times interaction. They might mingle with these animals. Or the observers would just sit there and do what they are supposed to, observe.Our race, is naturally curious and interested in the unknown. In other words what we do not know or understand we try to understand. We try to understand our surroundings. In doing this, we would have gained knowledge. In Mowats essay, Observing Wolves, Mowat attempts to make first contact by urinating his territory. And he observes the wolves social structure. He know that the wolves are observing him as well in his essay. And he wonders if they would act the way they do around humans. In Goodalls essay, First Observations, Goodall makes actual physical contact with one of the chimpazees. But she does nothing to try to get closer to them. Instead she goes on a scientific approach towards the situation. She observes the chimpazees actually eating meat. She was extremely surprised because the rest of the world thought that chimpazees were vegetarians. She also observed the chimpazees making the use of tools. Such as sticking a blade of grass into a termite mound to get at the insects. In Booths essay, ;The Social Lives of Dolphins;, Booth draws a parallel between the lives of dolphins and the lives of chimpazees. He compares the two creatures showing their likenesses. With some minor differences. This essay is based on observations of another group as well, who were Conner and Smolker (undergraduate students 1982). With the work of all the observers, it seem that even though we have been on this earth for a million years. We are now just beginning to understand it. The essays seems to say ;We are beginning to understand ourselves.; .

Sunk Cost free essay sample

In economics and business decision-making, sunk costs are retrospective (past) costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered. Sunk costs are sometimes contrasted with prospective costs, which are future costs that may be incurred or changed if an action is taken. Both retrospective and prospective costs may be either fixed (continuous for as long as the business is in operation and unaffected by output volume) or variable (dependent on volume) costs. Note, however, that many economists consider it a mistake to classify sunk costs as fixed or variable. For example, if a firm sinks $1 million on an enterprise software installation, that cost is sunk because it was a one-time thing and cannot be recovered once expended. A fixed cost would be monthly payments made as part of a service contract or licensing deal with the company that set up the software. The upfront irretrievable payment for the installation should not be deemed a fixed cost, with its cost spread out over time. We will write a custom essay sample on Sunk Cost or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sunk costs should be kept separate. The variable costs for this project might include data centre power usage, etc. In traditional microeconomic theory, only prospective (future) costs are relevant to an investment decision. Traditional economics proposes that economic actors should not let sunk costs influence their decisions. Doing so would not be rationally assessing a decision exclusively on its own merits. Alternatively, a decision-maker might make rational decisions according to their own incentives, outside of efficiency or profitability. This is considered to be an incentive problem and is distinct from a sunk cost problem. Evidence from behavioral economics suggests this theory fails to predict real-world behavior. Sunk costs do, in fact, influence actors decisions because humans are prone to loss aversion and framing effects. In light of such cognitive quirks, it is unsurprising that people frequently fail to behave in ways that economists deem rational. Sunk costs should not affect the rational decision-makers best choice. However, until a decision-maker irreversibly commits resources, the prospective cost is an avoidable future cost and is properly included in any decision-making processes. For example, if one is considering preordering movie tickets, but has not actually purchased them yet, the cost remains avoidable.

Reacting to Injustice

Reacting to Injustice Free Online Research Papers HOW DO PEOPLE REACT TO THE INJUSTICES THEY HAVE BEEN VICTIMS OF? Different people react to different injustices in different ways. Some react suddenly without thinking, others react while thinking of the consequences, while still others accept the facts and submit to them. VIOLENT AND ANGRY REACTIONS: In this book, some people react violently, without thinking of the consequences of neither that reaction nor whom they are reacting to. Uncle Hammer is one of them. We can see that when Cassie comes home from Strawberry and tells Uncle Hammer that Mr. Simms threw her off the side-walk, at hearing this, Uncle Hammer becomes really angry and starts towards the Simms house to get revenge. He takes that action without even thinking of the consequences, he becomes emotional and acts under his emotions. He is not wise or calm. Another example is Little Man in the part where he gets his new book and when he reads the inside cover of it, he throws it on the floor and stomps on it. This was an angry and violent reaction to the name, ‘nigger’, which the whites called him and all the blacks. Some people react angrily, saying what they think is right on the white’s faces, like Cassie does in the store in Strawberry. She tells Mr. Barnett that he was ‘â€Å"waiting on them† ’ before he was on the white girl, and that ‘it ain’t fair† to serve the white girl when ‘â€Å"We been waiting on you for near an hour.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. She states the facts without understanding and realising the difference the whites make between themselves and the blacks. Moreover she answers back without hesitating and without knowing or thinking what this answer or this reaction might cost her. Mr. Morrison is another example of angry reactions, when we find out that he had a fight with a white on the railways, and because of which he was fired. WISE AND CALM REACTIONS: However, other people in this story react quite differently. Papa, for example, reacts wisely and calmly, always thinking of the consequences. He fights back, but not in a violent or aggressive way. He says to Cassie that ‘â€Å" there’ll be a whole lot of things you ain’t gonna wanna do but you’ll have to dojust so you can survive.’† But he tells her that; on the other hand, ‘â€Å"there are things you can’t back down on, things you gotta take a stand on.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ From this we can note that Papa rebels, but silently and calmly. He doesn’t allow his emotions to take the better of him. We see that when he stops going to the Wallace’s store and instead goes to Vicksburg. Another example is Stacey where he gets revenge on the bus driver for splashing them with dirty water and the white children inside who always laughed and jeered at them. He and the others dig a pit in the middle of the road where later the bus falls. Stacey gets his revenge; he rebels, but silently and wisely. He doesn’t do it openly or aggressively. There is Mama too; who fights for her rights and stands up to what she believes is right by not teaching the things that are written in the books. She rebels openly but wisely and in a well thought out way. When she is fired from her job, she is angry but she doesn’t show her anger or use violence to express it. REACTIONS OF SUBMISSION: Unlike the ones mentioned above, who in one way or the other rebel and fight for their rights, there are still some who accept the facts and submit to them. Here we have the example of Big Ma, who doesn’t fight back and accepts the fact that they are blacks and that they are inferior to the whites, the way the whites put it. For instance, when she is in Strawberry and Mr. Simms orders Cassie to apologize, despite Cassie’s protests and hesitation, she tells her to do it. Now we know that in that situation Uncle Hammer would have reacted in a completely different way. This shows how different Big Ma is to him. At that time, at that place, she chose to submit to what Mr. Simms was saying and didn’t fight back. She was right in her own way because she was old and starting a fight there by refusing wouldn’t have been appropriate. We can see that even behind that submission there were reasons which were right in their own way, and that even she wasn’t gla d to tell Cassie to apologize and call Lillian Jean ‘miz’. We can see that when the author says ‘Big Ma looked at me again, her voice cracking as she spoke. â€Å"Go on, childapologize.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ However, there are people like Mrs. Crocker who gladly accept the fact that they are inferior to whites and don’t even try to rebel against it. They no longer realise what’s right and what’s wrong, they just do and believe what the whites tell them, and never even dare to think against it. Like when Cassie shows her the book cover and tells her that they called them niggers, Mrs. Crocker says ‘â€Å"That’s what you are†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and when Mama is putting papers on the book covers she says to her that ‘â€Å"Mary Logan, you are biting the hand that feeds you.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This shows that she just believes what the whites tell her and she doesn’t want to think otherwise. She accepts it and submits to it. She is even grateful to them for providing them books despite what they call them. Then there is T.J, who longs for popularity and friends. The Simms use him and make fun of him behind his back. But when he does find out he isn’t angry, only bewildered and scared. He too accepts the fact that they used him, though he doesn’t understand why. He doesn’t stand up to people; he just lets them to do whatever they want with him, particularly the whites. CONCLUSION: Summarising, we can see that the reactions of the people depend on the people themselves: the way they think, their personality, what they believe, their nature, what they think is right and what is wrong. There is a variety of reactions in this book: some use anger and violence to fight back, some use calmness and being wise to fight back, and some just don’t rebel. Each one is right and wrong in their own way. We cannot determine or decide which reaction is right and which is not. Research Papers on Reacting to InjusticeBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenWhere Wild and West MeetHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsCapital PunishmentThe Hockey GameHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Spring and AutumnThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

New Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New Perspective - Essay Example To be able to feel what they feel as they see that world as being one of them and not as an outsider poking in. I would also be in touch and be friends with those whom many consider as a â€Å"threat† and see how they perceive things. The only downside to it is that I will also share the prejudices against them and will run the danger of being ostracized. Having a different religion which allows multiple wives (up to four) might allow me to experience how it is to live in an extended family; with different wives or husbands with children or siblings with different mothers or fathers. If the extended family proves to be cohesive, that would be a very strong support system. The downside to it however is that the arrangement is prone to jealousy especially with the wives who has a common husband. And if the husband does not have much, it will really cause trouble on how to keep the multiple wives. If I choose to work in the Middle East or any Arab country, the adjustment would be easier on my part as I will be accepted by the host country as one of their own sharing the same kind of Faith. Although this would subject me to discrimination in non-Muslim country where prejudices against Muslims is strong. I would have the chance to befriend and be really close with peers from school who are Mohammedans. In turn, I will have the opportunity to learn what a typical student does; and see for myself if they are different from us. But this is with the risk that I will be viewed with skepticism for bonding with Muslims and might be accused of being a terrorist! Before the change, I have to admit that I share the prejudices against Muslims. Admittedly, I too view them with skepticism and a bit of fear and spite. But after undergoing the change and living their world, that perspective will change as I understand them more. That

Cinematic Comparison & Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cinematic Comparison & Analysis - Essay Example The character of Shylock is that of a Jewish money lender who has been mistreated and misunderstood by the Christian community, particularly by the character Antonio. Shylock’s character stands out because in spite of his ridiculous demand at extracting revenge from Antonio, his character appears to have a great deal of depth. As the plot unfolds, the audience cannot help but feel sad of him as Shylock is a person who has been stereotyped and hurt by his daughter’s betrayal. According to Burnett et al. although the character of Shylock appears only in five out of nineteen scenes in the play, it is his role that captures the most attention. Al Pacino’s execution of the character is as close to perfection as any actor in today’s times could possibly achieve. The character appears to be an individual with an unkempt beard, who walks with a slight limp. Shylock’s role is that of a Jew, whose character can display a variation of emotions and impeccable d ialogue delivery. Much Ado about Nothing cast comprises of a lot of big names that include Oscar winners Emma Thompson and Denzel Washington as Don Pedro, lead villain. The character of Don Pedro is that of the Prince of Aragon, of all the characters in the film, his appears to be most unpredictable. Unlike Shylock’s character that the audience ends up sympathizing with, in spite of the good intentions of Don Pedro, his character fails to attract positive attention. This character is that of a noble man who meddles in the love lives of two other characters in the film. Although the character appears to interfere with good intentions for his friend, the character ends up appearing as manipulative and one that exploits his authority. Although Denzel is a marvelous actor ad executed the lines well, in my opinion this role was not meant for him. Two Historical and Cinematic Adaptations We would consider the two different versions of the same play by Shakespeare â€Å"Merchant of Venice†. Michael Radford’s directorial eye tries to capture the Venetian setting of the sixteenth century. The film depicts the historically beautiful and watery landscape of Venice; the setting depicts brothels and courtesans as the integral part of the entertainment of the Christian society (Pittman, 2007). The film depicts a very racist society, where there are gates in the city to separate the Jews from the Christians who cannot cordially coexist. It is also noticeable that the director wants to identify Shylock as someone who is very particular about finances. He lays slight emphasis on this, when Shylock puts on his glasses while reading ledgers or calculating finances, which is does not appear to have use of in any other scenes. Kenneth Branagh’s Much Ado about Nothing is focused more towards generalization, where costumes, sets and props could belong to any period from 1700 to 1900s. The director has attempted to provide a fairy-tale setting to the film, which was shot in Tuscany Italy with her magical landscape which has not been touch by the modernization for present times (Kenneth Branagh). Two points of view in the Film Michael Radford in his interview with Cynthia Fuchs promoted his movie by suggesting that â€Å"†¦ you have the capacity in movies to bring things alive in ways you just can't in the theater.† The main point of view propagated in the film is the utter mockery of the double standards of the Venetian society of the time in a humorous fashion. The stereotyping of Jews can be

Is Money Happiness Essay Example for Free

Is Money Happiness Essay Benjamin Franklin, a well known Founding Father of the United States among other avenues of pursuit once said, â€Å"Money has never made man happy, nor will it, there is nothing in its nature to produce happiness. The more of it one has the more one wants. † This excerpt founds the question of whether or not money can buy happiness; and can it really? In no way can monetary value equate to true serenity. To closely examine the question in subject, the definition of money and its origin must be examined in coherence with what happiness really is. To compare the two contrary parties, the investigation of state facts of Swaziland, a â€Å"poor† country, and The United States, a â€Å"wealthy† country will be explored. A final analysis and comparison will close the article. A monetary value simply cannot purchase a state of being; that is money cannot buy happiness. II. Money and Happiness A. What is money? 1. Money is simply a unit of exchange in which the transfer of goods and services is exchanged for. Money is synonymous with currency and cash. (Wikipedia: Money) 2. Money allows for the creation of set values of goods and services, and facilitates those trades between producer and worker and consumer and recipient. 3. Money can be recognized as any form of currency, or a medium of exchange a. Shells b. Bones and fossils c. Tokens d. Special rocks and minerals B. What is happiness? 1. Happiness is defined by the Merriam Webster dictionary as â€Å"a state of well-being and contentment or a pleasurable or satisfying experience. (Merriam Webster Dictionary) C. A Time Before Money. Generally, historians agree that money was created at approximately 100,000 B.C. (Wikipedia: History of Money) 2. Before that time, a system of bartering was the only way goods or services could be exchanged. a. â€Å"Barter is a type of trade that doesnt use any medium of exchange, in which goods or services are exchanged for other goods and/or services. † (Wikipedia: Barter) b. For example, if a farmer needed an iron plow for his field, he would have to find a blacksmith that needed apples who then in turn could fabricate a plow for the farmer. In other words, they had to have a coincidence of wants. The transition period between mainstream bartering and a monetary system seems to have emerged from Swaziland at approximately 100,000 B. C. a. This emergence of money was in the simple form of red ochre i. Red ochre are pigments made from naturally tinted clay. Chemically, it is hydrated iron oxide. (Answers: Red Ochre) C. The Symbolic Meaning of Money 1. There are many variants of the true symbolism of money a. One theory directly refers to coin money i. The shape of coin money is generally round. This shape represents the eternal continuation of currency. This round shape also represents the world; again, in it’s ever continuing and developing cycle iii. Together, these ideals represent the ongoing continuation of money throughout the world. b. Another theory applies to paper money i. The square shape that paper money ideally holds is representative of a solid foundation, trust, and solidness. ii. Often times, faces of strong leaders or portraits of influential people will be printed in the currency. These leaders often created the foundation (pioneering or renewed) of any given state, and thus are represented by and represent the country.